Software Engineering Institute

Mark H. Klein

Software Engineering Institute

Publications by Mark H. Klein

Architecting the Future of Software Engineering: A National Agenda for Software Engineering Research & Development

November 03, 2021 • Book

Anita Carleton Mark H. Klein John E. Robert

The SEI led the community in creating this multi-year research and development vision and roadmap for engineering next-generation software-reliant systems.
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Cyber-Physical Systems

January 17, 2017 • Book

Ragunathan (Raj) Rajkumar Dionisio de Niz Mark H. Klein

This book addresses Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) challenges and innovations, it describes the foundations that underlie CPS, and offers guiding principles for all levels.
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Ultra-Large-Scale Systems: Socio-adaptive Systems

December 01, 2016 • White Paper

Scott Hissam Mark H. Klein Gabriel Moreno

Ultra-large-scale systems are interdependent webs of software, people, policies, and economics. In socio-adaptive systems, human and software interact as peers.
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Cyber-Physical Systems

December 01, 2016 • White Paper

Bjorn Andersson Sagar Chaki Dionisio de Niz

Cyber-physical systems (CPS) integrate computational algorithms and physical components. SEI promotes efficient development of high-confidence, distributed CPS.
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Engineering High-Assurance Software for Distributed Adaptive Real-Time Systems

November 18, 2015 • Presentation

Mark H. Klein Sagar Chaki Dionisio de Niz

This presentation describes an evidence-based approach for producing high-assurance DART software involving multiple layers of the CPS stack.
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Socio-Adaptive Systems Challenge Problems Workshop Report

June 01, 2013 • Special Report

Scott Hissam Mark H. Klein Timothy Morrow

This report presents a summary of the findings of the Socio-Adaptive Systems Challenge Problem Workshop, held in Pittsburgh, PA, on April 12-13, 2012.
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Architecture Certification Panel: SATURN 2010

May 20, 2010 • Presentation

Mark H. Klein

Mark H. Klein of the Software Engineering Institute (SEI) explores the state of practice in architecture certification in this SATURN 2010 workshop panel.
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Overview of Distributed Constraint Satisfaction and Optimization

March 31, 2010 • Presentation

Andres Diaz-Pace Joseph Giampapa John B. Goodenough

This presentation describes problem-solving algorithms and presents Distributed Constraint Optimization Problems (D-COP) algorithms as a "toolbox" for agent-based modeling.
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Results of SEI Independent Research and Development Projects (FY 2009)

December 01, 2009 • Technical Report

Len Bass Lutz Wrage Paul C. Clements

In this report, the authors describe the SEI independent research and development (IRAD) projects conducted during fiscal year 2009.
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The Impact of Conducting ATAM Evaluations on Army Programs (SATURN 2009)

April 27, 2009 • Presentation

John K. Bergey Stephen Blanchette, Jr.Mark H. Klein

This presentation describes the results of a study of the impact of software architecture practices conducted with Army programs.
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Impact of Army Architecture Evaluations

April 01, 2009 • Special Report

Robert Nord John K. Bergey Stephen Blanchette, Jr.

This 2009 report describes the results of a study of the impact that the ATAM evaluations and QAWs had on Army programs.
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A Workshop on Architecture Competence

April 01, 2009 • Technical Note

Len Bass Paul C. Clements Rick Kazman

This report summarizes a June 2008 architecture competence workshop where practitioners discussed key issues in assessing architecture competence in organizations.
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Results of SEI Independent Research and Development Projects (FY 2008)

December 01, 2008 • Technical Report

Dionisio de Niz Gabriel Moreno Robert Nord

This report describes the independent research and development (IRAD) projects that were conducted during fiscal year 2008 (October 2007 through September 2008).
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Results of SEI Independent Research and Development Projects (FY 2007)

July 01, 2008 • Technical Report

Len Bass Lui R. Sha Dennis B. Smith

This report describes the independent research and development (IRAD) projects that were conducted during fiscal year 2007 (October 2006 through September 2007).
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Software Architecture Technology Initiative (SATURN 2008)

April 28, 2008 • Presentation

Mark H. Klein

Presented at SATURN 2008, April-May 2008.
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Welcome to the Fourth SEI Software Architecture Technology User Network Workshop

April 28, 2008 • Presentation

Mark H. Klein

welcome presentation given at SATURN 2008, which took place in Pittsburgh, PA on April 28-May 1, 2008.
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Panel: Promising Research Areas

March 06, 2008 • Presentation

Richard P. Gabriel (Sun Microsystems)John B. Goodenough Mark H. Klein

SMART Event, March 6, 2008
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Architecture for Ultra-Large- Scale (ULS) Systems

March 06, 2008 • Presentation

Mark H. Klein

In this March 2008 presentation, Mark H. Klein of the Software Engineering Institute (SEI) discusses the architecture of ultra-large-scale (ULS) systems.
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Models for Evaluating and Improving Architecture Competence

March 01, 2008 • Technical Report

Len Bass Paul C. Clements Rick Kazman

This report outlines the concepts of software architecture competence and describes four models for explaining, measuring, and improving the architecture competence of an individual or a software-producing organization.
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Using the Vickrey-Clarke-Groves Auction Mechanism for Enhanced Bandwidth Allocation in Tactical Data Networks

January 01, 2008 • Technical Report

Mark H. Klein Daniel Plakosh Kurt C. Wallnau

This report describes an investigation of the potential for using computational mechanisms to improve the quality of a combat group's common operating picture, in a setting where network bandwidth is scarce.
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Handling Interdependent Values in an Auction Mechanism for Bandwidth Allocation in Tactical Data Networks

December 31, 2007 • White Paper

Mark H. Klein Gabriel Moreno Daniel Plakosh

This paper introduces a mechanism that achieves efficient bandwidth allocation and provides incentive compatibility by conditioning payments on the realized value for data shared between agents.
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Using ArchE in the Classroom: One Experience

September 01, 2007 • Technical Note

John McGregor Felix Bachmann Len Bass

The ArchE (Architecture Expert) tool serves as a software architecture design assistant. This report describes the use of a pre-alpha release of ArchE in a graduate-level software architecture class at Clemson University.
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Software Architecture Technology Initiative (SATURN 2007)

May 14, 2007 • Presentation

Mark H. Klein

Presentation made by Mark Klein at the Third Annual SATURN Workshop, May 2007.
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Quality-Attribute-Based Economic Valuation of Architectural Patterns

May 01, 2007 • Technical Report

Ipek Ozkaya Rick Kazman Mark H. Klein

This report shows how an analysis of the options embodied within architectural patterns allows a software and system architect or manager to make reasoned choices about the future value of design decisions.
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Ultra-Large-Scale Systems: The Software Challenge of the Future

June 01, 2006 • Book

Peter H. Feiler Kevin Sullivan (University of Virginia)Kurt C. Wallnau

Ultra-Large-Scale Systems: The Software Challenge of the Future is the product of a 12-month study of ultra-large-scale (ULS) systems software.
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Future Directions of the Software Architecture Technology Initiative

April 25, 2006 • Presentation

Mark H. Klein

This presentation on the future directions of the Software Architecture Technology (SAT) Initiative was delivered by Mark Klein of the Software Engineering Institute (SEI) at the second annual SATURN workshop, held in April 2006.
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SEI Future Directions in SEI Software Architecture Technology (SAT) Initiative (SATURN 2006)

April 25, 2006 • Presentation

Mark H. Klein

Mark H. Klein (SEI) briefly reviews the state of the Software Architecture Technology (SAT) initiative and outlines future research directions in this SATURN 2006 presentation.
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Autonomic Computing

April 01, 2006 • Technical Note

Hausi A. Muller (University of Victoria)Mark H. Klein William G. Wood

This report examines selected aspects of autonomic computing and explores some of the strengths and weaknesses of that technology.
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The Duties, Skills, and Knowledge of Software Architects

January 09, 2006 • Conference Paper

Paul C. Clements Rick Kazman Mark H. Klein

This paper focuses on the human aspects of architecting software-in particular, the duties, skills, and knowledge of software architects.
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Reasoning Frameworks

July 01, 2005 • Technical Report

Len Bass James Ivers Mark H. Klein

This report describes a vehicle for encapsulating the quality attribute knowledge needed to understand a system's quality behavior as a reasoning framework that can be used by nonexperts.
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Architecture Design Expert (SATURN 2005)

April 06, 2005 • Presentation

Felix Bachmann Mark H. Klein

Felix Bachmann and Mark Klein (SEI) discuss how to design software architecture that meets software requirements using ArchE, a tool design to aid an architect during the design process.
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Methodical Design of Software Architecture Using an Architecture Design Assistant (ArchE)

April 06, 2005 • Presentation

Felix Bachmann Mark H. Klein

This presentation – on methodically designing software architecture using ArchE, an architecture design assistant – was presented by Felix Bachmann and Mark H. Klein in 2005.
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Security and Survivability Reasoning Frameworks and Architectural Design Tactics

September 01, 2004 • Technical Note

Robert J. Ellison Andrew P. Moore Len Bass

In this report, the authors describe an approach to disciplined software architecture design for the related quality attributes of security and survivability.
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Performance Property Theories for Predictable Assembly from Certifiable Components (PACC)

September 01, 2004 • Technical Report

Scott Hissam Mark H. Klein Paulo Merson

This report develops a queueing-theoretic solution to predict, for a real-time system, the average-case latency of aperiodic tasks managed by a sporadic server.
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A Model Problem for an Open Robotics Controller

July 01, 2004 • Technical Note

Scott Hissam Mark H. Klein

This report describes the model problem created to support the continued enhancement and development of the PECT reasoning frameworks for an industrial trial in the domain of industrial robotics.
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Integrating the Architecture Tradeoff Analysis Method (ATAM) with the Cost Benefit Analysis Method (CBAM)

December 01, 2003 • Technical Note

Robert Nord Mario R. Barbacci Paul C. Clements

This technical note reports on a proposal to integrate the SEI ATAM (Architecture Tradeoff Analysis Method) and the CBAM (Cost Benefit Analysis Method).
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Predictable Assembly of Substation Automation Systems: An Experiment Report, Second Edition

September 01, 2003 • Technical Report

Scott Hissam Kurt C. Wallnau William G. Wood

This 2003 report describes the results of an exploratory PECT prototype for substation automation, an application area in the domain of power generation, transmission, and management.
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A Life-Cycle View of Architecture Analysis and Design Methods

September 01, 2003 • Technical Note

Rick Kazman Robert Nord Mark H. Klein

This report examines the architecture-centric analysis and design methods that were created at the SEI between 1993 and 2003.
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SEI Independent Research and Development Projects (FY 2003)

September 01, 2003 • Technical Report

Felix Bachmann Sven Dietrich Peter H. Feiler

This report describes the IR&D projects that were conducted during fiscal year 2003 (October 2002 through September 2003).
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Preliminary Design of ArchE: A Software Architecture Design Assistant

September 01, 2003 • Technical Report

Felix Bachmann Len Bass Mark H. Klein

This 2003 report presents a procedure for moving from a set of quality attribute scenarios to an architecture design that satisfies those scenarios.
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Deriving Architectural Tactics: A Step Toward Methodical Architectural Design

March 01, 2003 • Technical Report

Felix Bachmann Len Bass Mark H. Klein

This 2003 technical report provides the status on the work being done by the SEI to understand the relationship between quality requirements and architectural design.
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Quantifying the Value of Architecture Design Decisions: Lessons from the Field

January 01, 2003 • White Paper

Jai Asundi Rick Kazman Mark H. Klein

This paper outlines experiences with using economic criteria to make architecture design decisions.
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Making Architecture Design Decisions: An Economic Approach

September 01, 2002 • Technical Report

Rick Kazman Jai Asundi Mark H. Klein

This report describes the improvements to the CBAM (Cost Benefit Analysis Method) and provides a pilot case study conducted with NASA.
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Illuminating the Fundamental Contributors to Software Architecture Quality

August 01, 2002 • Technical Report

Felix Bachmann Len Bass Mark H. Klein

This 2002 report presents the basic concepts of analysis models for two quality attributes-modifiability and performance, identifies a collection of tactics that can be used to control responses within those models, and discusses how to analyze the models in terms of these tactics.
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Using Economic Considerations to Choose Among Architecture Design Alternatives

December 01, 2001 • Technical Report

Jai Asundi Rick Kazman Mark H. Klein

The SEI developed the CBAM (Cost Benefit Analysis Method), which incorporates the costs and benefits of architectural design decisions and provides an effective means of making such decisions. This paper reports on the application of this method to a real world case study.
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Evaluating Software Architectures: Methods and Case Studies

October 22, 2001 • Book

Paul C. Clements Rick Kazman Mark H. Klein

This book is a comprehensive guide to software architecture evaluation, describing specific methods that can quickly and inexpensively mitigate enormous risk in software projects.
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Quality Attribute Design Primitives and the Attribute Driven Design Method

October 01, 2001 • White Paper

Felix Bachmann Len Bass Mark H. Klein

This paper discusses the understanding of quality attributes and their application to the design of a software architecture.
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Analyzing Enterprise JavaBeans Systems Using Quality Attribute Design Primitives

October 01, 2001 • Technical Note

Anna Liu Len Bass Mark H. Klein

This report introduces the notion of quality attribute design primitives, which are architectural building blocks that target the achievement of one or sometimes several quality attribute requirements.
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Applicability of General Scenarios to the Architecture Tradeoff Analysis Method

October 01, 2001 • Technical Report

Len Bass Mark H. Klein Gabriel Moreno

In this report, we compare the scenarios elicited from five ATAM (Architecture Tradeoff Analysis Method) evaluations with the scenarios used to characterize the quality attributes.
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Quality Attribute Design Primitives

December 01, 2000 • Technical Note

Len Bass Mark H. Klein Felix Bachmann

This report addresses mechanisms that significantly affect quality attribute behavior and have sufficient content for analysis.
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An Application of the Architecture-Based Design Method to the Electronic House

October 01, 2000 • Special Report

Felix Bachmann Len Bass Mark H. Klein

This report elaborates an example of the application of the ABD (Architecture-Based Design) method to designing software architecture.
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ATAM: Method for Architecture Evaluation

August 01, 2000 • Technical Report

Rick Kazman Mark H. Klein Paul C. Clements

This report presents technical and organizational foundations for performing architectural analysis, and presents the SEI's ATAM, a technique for analyzing software architectures.
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Attribute-Based Architectural Styles

October 01, 1999 • Technical Report

Mark H. Klein Rick Kazman

This report establishes a common format for documenting ABASs in the hope that they will become the foundation for anyone who is doing system design and analysis.
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The Architecture Tradeoff Analysis Method

July 01, 1998 • Technical Report

Rick Kazman Mark H. Klein Mario R. Barbacci

This paper presents the Architecture Tradeoff Analysis Method (ATAM), a structured technique for understanding the tradeoffs inherent in the architectures of software-intensive systems.
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Steps in an Architecture Tradeoff Analysis Method: Quality Attribute Models and Analysis

May 01, 1998 • Technical Report

Mario R. Barbacci Peter H. Feiler Mark H. Klein

This paper presents some of the steps in an emerging architecture tradeoff analysis method (ATAM).
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The Architecture Tradeoff Analysis Method

April 01, 1998 • White Paper

Rick Kazman Mark H. Klein Mario R. Barbacci

This paper presents the Architecture Tradeoff Analysis Method (ATAM), a structured technique for understanding the tradeoffs inherent in design.
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Assessment of CORBA and POSIX Designs for FAA En Route Resectorization

April 01, 1998 • Special Report

B. Craig Meyers Daniel Plakosh Patrick R. Place

This report addresses the use of different technologies and an architectural tradeoff approach on a typical En Route system problem.
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Principles for Evaluating the Quality Attributes of a Software Architecture

May 01, 1997 • Technical Report

Mario R. Barbacci Mark H. Klein Charles B. Weinstock

This report describes a few principles for analyzing a software architecture to determine if it exhibits certain quality attributes.
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State of the Practice Report: Problems in the Practice of Performance Engineering

February 01, 1996 • Technical Report

Mark H. Klein

As systems have performance requirements, sometimes dominant and explicit, and other times subordinate and implicit. Despite the pervasiveness and importance of performance requirements, performance problems persist. To help us understand why, we sponsored a workshop in performance engineering and conducted some structured interviews with software contractors. This report summarizes our observations.
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Quality Attributes

December 01, 1995 • Technical Report

Mario R. Barbacci Mark H. Klein Thomas A. Longstaff

This report describes efforts to develop a unifying approach for reasoning about multiple software quality attributes.
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A Practitioner's Handbook for Real-Time Analysis: Guide to Rate Monotonic Analysis for Real-Time Systems

August 01, 1993 • Book

Michael Harbour Mark H. Klein Ray Obenza

This book contains a collection of quantitative methods that enable real-time systems developers to understand, analyze, and predict the timing behavior of many real-time systems.
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Rate Monotonic Analysis for Real-Time Systems

March 01, 1991 • Technical Report

Lui R. Sha Mark H. Klein John B. Goodenough

In this report, we review important decisions in the development of RMA. Our experience indicates that technology transition considerations should be embedded in the process of technology development from the start, rather than as an afterthought.
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An Analysis of Input/Output Paradigms for Real-Time Systems

July 01, 1990 • Technical Report

Mark H. Klein Tom Ralya

This paper illustrates how to build a mathematical model of the schedulability of a real-time system, taking into consideration such factors as preemption, synchronization, non-preemptibility, interrupts, and process idle time.
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Recommendations from the AIA/SEI Workshop on Research Advances Required for Real-Time Software Systems in the 1990s

December 01, 1989 • Special Report

William Sweet Michael J. Gagliardi Mark H. Klein

This report summarizes the discussions held at a 1989 workshop to facilitate communication between implementers of future software-critical large systems and those who sponsor or perform software-related research.
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Real-Time Software Engineering in ADA: Observations and Guidelines

September 01, 1989 • Technical Report

Mark W. Borger Mark H. Klein Robert Veltre

This 1989 report presents techniques for controlling devices with Ada and several Ada tasking paradigms for managing concurrency.
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Inertial Navigation System Simulator: Behavioral Specification (1989)

August 01, 1989 • Technical Report

Stefan F. Landherr Mark H. Klein

This 1989 revision specifies the INS simulator program and clarifies and supplements the functional specification.
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Using the Vienna Development Method (VDM) to Formalize a Communication Protocol

November 01, 1988 • Technical Report

Jan Storbank Pedersen Mark H. Klein

This 1988 paper provides an example of how VDM might be used in the area of communications, a new domain for VDM.
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ADA for Embedded Systems: Issues and Questions

December 01, 1987 • Technical Report

Nelson W. Weiderman Mark W. Borger Andrea L. Cappellini

This 1987 report addresses issues and questions related to the use of ADA for embedded systems applications.
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Annual Technical Report for ADA Embedded Systems Testbed Project

December 01, 1987 • Technical Report

Nelson W. Weiderman Neal Altman Mark W. Borger

This technical report provides an overview of the results produced in the first year of the ADA Embedded Systems Testbed Project (through September 30, 1987).
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Inertial Navigation System Simulator Program: Top-Level Design (1987)

December 01, 1987 • Technical Report

Mark H. Klein Stefan F. Landherr

This 1987 document discusses top-level design from three points of view: data flow perspective, the concurrency and control perspective, and the Adamodule perspective.
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Inertial Navigation System Simulator: Behavioral Specification (1987)

October 01, 1987 • Technical Report

Stefan F. Landherr Mark H. Klein

This 1987 report specifies the INS simulator program and clarifies and supplements the functional specification.
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Evaluation of ADA Environments, Executive Summary

March 01, 1987 • Technical Report

Nelson W. Weiderman Neal Altman Mark W. Borger

This 1987 report provides a detailed description of the Ada Environments methodology and examples of its usage.
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